Based on World Health Organization (WHO) report, our society’s health ranks 123 among 192 countries. Unfortunately, this ranking position is very low and its main reason is malnutrition due to imBalanced fertilization. Although more than 85% of Iranian people are not hungry, about 90% of them are suffering from cell hunger, because agricultural authorities and hence producers do not pay attention to food security. According to the latest information, about 86.5% of applied fertilizers in our country appertain to urea and triple super phosphate. In fact, this is an alarming issue in respect to the production of healthy agricultural products and it remains a threat to food security. At present, a total subsidy of more than 7,000 billion rials is paid for nitrogen (N) and phosphate (P) fertilizers. Whereas, it should be considered that, firstly, the efficiency of these fertilizers, due to different reasons such as mismanagement and existing subsidy level, is low and, secondly, the overuse of these fertilizers causes the accumulation of nitrate (NO3) and cadmium (Cd) in agricultural products. Furthermore, according to the law of minimum, the overdosed fertilizers do not have any special positive effect on sustainable production and society’s health. Paying for such high-cost subsidy just for N and P-fertilizers has caused farmers to overuse and waste these fertilizers in the country and moreover not having any tendency to apply biologic, organic and micronutrient fertilizers. Whereas, the application of these fertilizers, beside their adaptability with the environment, has a very positive effect on the human health. Therefore, at this time scientific management of production and application of all kinds of fertilizers is inevitable. In this case, by improving the quality of all types of fertilizers, and following the principle of Balanced fertilization, besides achieving the desired yield increase, the quality of agricultural products will be enhanced and the level of society’s health will be promoted automatically. Furthermore, there is a close and positive relationship between Balanced fertilization and production of healthy agricultural products. The authorities of the Ministry of Jehad-e- Agriculture are supposed to consider this important principle for a) supplying suitable kinds and amounts of fertilizers during application seasons in producing agricultural products; b) banning the act of burning the plants' residues; c) considering the rules of Balanced fertilization; d) enrichment of agricultural products on the farm; e) scientific management of production and application of all kinds of fertilizers; f) implementing the criteria set for Article 61 of the Fourth Development Plan; g) avoiding the import of P-fertilizers which contain Cd in excess of 25 mg/kg and h) removing the subsidy on N and P-fertilizers in order to increase the yield and quality of agricultural products and enhance society's health.

At present, about 20 to 25 percent of agricultural products are removed as waste from the consumption cycle. Using gamma radiation is one of the methods to reduce waste in agricultural products, especially in potato (Solanumtuberosum L.). Under current conditions, gamma radiation is used in the farm products in which fertilization is based on farmer's conventional fertilizer use (urea and phosphate). The idea is to observe the effect of gamma radiation on decreasing the agricultural storage waste when fertilization is done according to the soil analysis results. To study the role of the Balanced fertilization in increasing the effect of gamma radiation, a factorial experiment was conducted in the form of randomized complete block design with three replications in Pikasocultivar. In this experiment, the three factors used were: a) fertilizer application, i. e., farmer's conventional fertilization and Balanced fertilization methods; b) irradiation with gamma radiation, i. e., control and irradiate; and c) measuring the storage time factor, i. e., before and after 6 months of storage. The samples were irradiated with the dose of 0.15 kGy, then all samples were stored for 6 months at 15 to 20°C at the relative humidity of 40 to 60%. Percentages of dry matter and the concentrations of nitrate and cadmium were measured before and after the storage. The results revealed that, while the percentage of the dry matter in the samples of farmer's conventional fertilization method, that were not irradiated, increased from 16.86%to 21.44%, the irradiated samples increased from 17.68% to 19.41% during the storage period. These changes in the Balanced fertilization samples in those which were not irradiated, increased from 20.09% to 23.18% and in the irradiated samples increased from 19.75% to 20.65%. By considering the obtained results, as the rate of weight loss in the tubers under the Balanced fertilization was minimum, the effectiveness of gamma radiation in the condition of the Balanced fertilization on the shelf life of potato tubers was proved. While the superiority of the Balanced fertilization [fertilization on the basis of pre-plant soil analysis results over farmer's conventional fertilization method (N and P-fertilizers)] has been proven, gamma radiation in the condition of the Balanced fertilization for increasing the potato tubers shelf life shows to act effectively, mainly due to high tubers dry matter percentage. Therefore, performing further experiments and analyses for other agricultural products under the crop Balanced fertilization is highly recommended.

A High-gain, fully Balanced preamplifier is presented. The proposed structure advantages flipped voltage follower scheme to achieve a compact current conveyor with very low input impedance. The presented current conveyor then is used as a core element to realize a high-gain, gm-enhanced trans-conductance amplifier. The presented amplifier is suitable for application as a preamplifier. The high gain of amplifier makes it very suitable to be configured in a feedback form to deliver a high-precision predefined or programmable amplification gain. The proposed structure draws a very low power of 150nW from a 0.6V supply voltage. The Spectre Post-layout simulations with TSMC 180nm CMOS technology have been performed. The proposed amplifier exhibits an open-loop DC gain of 141.5dB and 3-dB frequency bandwidth of 2.4kHz at 60dB closed-loop configuration. The load capacitance is set to be 5pF. The proposed structure also delivers high CMRR and PSRR values of 148.3dB and 153.7dB, respectively.

A randomized complete block factorial experiment was run with four replications during 2000–2001, in Neka, Mazandaran, to evaluate the combined effects of irrigation methods (drip vs. surface) with Balanced fertilization on the yield and quality of citrus. The treatments included two methods of irrigation (A: drip and B: surface) and two fertilizer combinations (T1 = The control, consisting of two split applications of 0.75 kg Urea/tree each time and T2 = Balanced fertilization based on the chemical analysis of the leaves of high yielding orange trees). Leaf nutrient concentration, fruit yield, average values for fruit weight and diameter, fruit juice acidity, total soluble solids, and water use per kg of the fruit were used as the response indices for the various treatments. The results showed that Balanced fertilization combined with drip irrigation significantly increased the fruit yields. The average values for the fruit yield increased from 171.6 kg/tree for surface irrigation to 186.7 kg for drip irrigation. Water use efficiency increased from 5.5 kg/m3 in surface irrigation to 8.5 kg/ m3 for drip irrigation. Balanced fertilization along with drip irrigation significantly improved crop yields; and, in addition, it increased the concentrations of leaf nutrients including those of phosphorus, magnesium and manganese. The highest yield of 41.07 tons/ha was obtained with a combination of Balanced fertilization and drip irrigation.

Introduction: One of the strategies for improving citrus yield and fruit tolerance to frost in citrus gardens is practicing Balanced fertilization. So that if the concentration of each element is lower than the optimum concentration, the yield of the plant will be reduced. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of optimum fertilizer application on increasing quantitative and qualitative yield of oranges and also resistance to cold stress. Material and methods: In order to investigate the role of Balanced fertilization on some of the characteristics of citrus fruits, including increased resistance to frost, a two-year trial was conducted on Thomson and Bloody Thomson with two treatments and five repetition in the years of 2016-17 and 2017-18 in a citrus garden in Neka city in Mazandaran province. treatments included, T1= control (Traditional fertilization method, i. e. every year in late autumn, 2 kg of urea, 1 kg of triple superphosphate per tree, along with animal manure under droppers) and T2= Balanced fertilization according to the soil and leaf analysis results, i. e. every year in late autumn, 2 kg ammonium sulfate, 1. 5 kg potassium sulfate 1 kg magnesium sulfate and 0. 5 kg zinc sulfate mixed with animal manure and surface soil with deep placement under droppers. It should be noted that in both years, the same fertilizer sources were used. Also, in the summer of second year, for each tree, 0. 5 kg of soluble potassium sulfate with zinc (SSOP+Zn-EDTA) was used in two split times (July and August). Results and discussion: The results revealed that a) In the first year, while the average yield in T1 for Thompson Blood Orange and Thompson Novell Orange were 40 and 75 kg, in T2, it increased up to 72 and 175 kg per tree and in the second year, also these figures were increased significantly from 80 and 140 kg and 155 and 305 kg per tree, respectively. In both years, the differences were significant at 1% level. The main reason for this performance in the second year was due to split application of SSOP+Zn during the summer. b) While the average dry matter percentage for Thompson Blood Orange and Thompson Novell Orange for the first year in T1 were 15. 6 and 22%, in T2 they were increased to 17. 1 and 24. 4%, respectively. For the second year, they were increased from 18. 1 and 22. 3% in T1 to 20 and 25. 2% in T2, respectively. c) While frost tolerance in Thompson Blood Orange and Thompson Novell Orange during the first year in were 0 and-1 degrees Celsius in T1, frost tolerance were increased in T2 up to-2 and-5 degrees Celsius. In the second year, these figures were changed from-1 and-3 to-4 and-9, respectively. One of the main reasons for this improvement in frost tolerance of citrus fruits was due to increase in their dry matter percentage and positive effects split application of K and Zn fertilizers. Conclusions: While the superiority of Balanced fertilization has been proven, it is highly recommended that for producing valuable citrus fruits, this practice should be generalized in all citrus gardens.

The incidence of die-back in pistachios (Pistacia vera L.) is common in many pistachio producing countries including D.S., Greece, Italy, and South Africa. This problem also occurs extensively in pistachio orchards of Iran where it has caused yields to be low. In order to evaluate the spread, percent occurrences as well as to determine the causative factor(s) of this incidence, some 203 pistachio orchards located in Rafsanjan, Kerman, Yazd and Khorasan regions were visited during the period from 2002 to 2004. It was noted that from 4 to 90 percent, or on the average 28 percent of the trees, had been affected and that the rate of this incidence had increased by 60% during the ten year period from 1994 to 2004. Soil samples from profile depths of 0-40, 41-80 and 81-120 cm were collected in 31 randomly selected orchards for physicochemical analysis. Likewise, leaf samples as well as samples of irrigation water were collected in those orchards for chemical analysis. Then, correlations between the incidence of die-back and the examined factors were calculated. It was noted that the incidence of die-back in pistachios was positively correlated with soil EC, Na, K, SAR, Na/Ca and Na/K values. A stepwise regression analysis yielded the following equation: Y= 51.799-0.194 (K) soil+0.946 (SAR)soil --7 R2= 0.737 On the basis of our findings and the reports by others that the fungus Paecilomyces variotti was the causative agent for die-back in pistachios, a randomized complete block experiment was conducted with 4 treatments and 6 replications on a total of twenty four 25-year old trees of Fandoghi pistachio variety which were 30% affected by die-back problem to investigate the effect of Balanced fertilizer application on preventing this incidence. The treatments included T1= the growers conventional method (ammonium sulfate+ triple super phosphate at the rate of 3 kg each per tree); T2=T1+ potassium at the rate of 3kg potassium sulfate per tree; T3= T2+calcium applied as gypsum at the rate of 40 kg/tree; and T4=T3+zinc applied as zinc sulfate at the rate of 1500 g/tree. The direct fungal inoculation of the trees followed two years of the fertilizer treatments. The results showed a significant decrease (at 1% level) in the incidence of die-backs with treatments T2, T3 and T4 as compared with the farmers conventional methods. In other words, the application of potassium, calcium and zinc sulfate reduced this problem by 63 percent.